The rejection of the doctrine of “Species” must be considered by Mr. Stewart as still more remarkable lhan it is by us. In his view of things, Occam thus escaped a fundamental error, which has led the greatest philosophers of modern times into scepticism. But as we cannot think that the terms, “Image, Likeness,” etc. were ever steadily applied to ideas by modern philosophers, otherwise lhan as metaphors used for illustration, so we regard their exclusion only in the very respectable light of a reform in philosophical language, with a view lo prevent figurative expressions from being, however transiently, confounded with real things.Richard Suisse!, ” The famous English mathematician of the middle age,” was a follower of Occam, the persecution and defence of whose philosophy was Ihe principal occupation of the speculative during the fourteenth century; soon after the end of which it was lost in the Lutheran controversies, which were in some degree ils issue. On a general review of this period, Roger Bacon and Suisse! should probably be considered rather as philosophers of lie scholastic age than schoolmen : Aquinas is the most clear, sober, and practical of school philosophers; Scotus, from qualities nol of the same nature, most perfectly represents Ihe genius and cliaractcr of that philosophy ; and Occam w as llie reformer who undermined ils foundations, and prepared llie way for ils destruction.The arrival of the Grecian refugees in Italy, being Ihe most memorable event which distinguishes any moment in the early progress of modern literature, has been commonly considered as the era of Ihe revival of letters: and Ihe expression may be justifiable, if we bear in mind Ihe previous prcparalion of Italy for classical learning ; the men of genius who had, before that period, cultivated most modern languages ; the superior efficacy of printing ; lie Reformation ; and probably the discovery of America ; and if we also hesitate, whether Ihe preservation of Constantinople, and the education of western sludenls in her schools, might not have contributed to quicken the literary progress of Europe as much as the destruction and emigration which actually occurred.